Digital Finance Ensures Inclusion

Digital Finance Ensures Inclusion

Financial inclusion can be defined as a state whereby Individuals and businesses have access to meaningful and affordable financial products and services. It means that customers regardless of their geographical location, ethnic, social-cultural, educational, or economic background have access to suitable financial products while ensuring the fairness in service delivery and at a reasonable cost.

The popularity of financial inclusion is because of the role it plays in reducing poverty and boosting prosperity. Financial inclusion is generally measured in terms of access of people and business to a bank account. Having a bank account means that people can save, send and receive payments as such people are connected with one of the important parts of life - Banking. Such an account serves as a starting point for the users to facilitate day to day living, make immediate and long-term financial plans, make use of wide varieties of financial services, etc.

Access

Access to finance at present is not only limited to have a bank account in physical banks. With the use of modern technology in the field of banking and finance, financial services are offered through mobile phones, personal computers, the internet, or via linkage of the card to a digital payment platform is known as digital financial services(DFS). For any product offerings to be called DFS, it should enable the users to perform basic banking functions like payments, savings, borrowings, etc making use of the internet, and without having to go to the physical branch location. DFS is a broad terminology and also includes Mobile Financial Services(MFS) which means the use of a mobile phone to access financial service and execute financial transactions.

Historically financial inclusiveness throughout the globe has been low. The World Bank estimates that around 1.7 billion adults worldwide(or 31% of adults) do not have a basic transaction account. In the case of Nepal around 60% of the population is still said to be outside the coverage of formal banking channels. Low financial literacy, complex KYC requirement, unequal access to infrastructure, convenience in using informal market tools, lack of trust in financial service providers, inadequate financial awareness, etc has excluded a large portion of citizens from the ambit of Banking Industry.

Government of Nepal (GoN) having realized the importance of financial inclusion has introduced measures to increase the access of people to financial services. It has prioritized to open a physical branch of commercial banks at all local levels of the government. As of October, 2019, only 12 local levels out of 753 do not have a physical branch.  All these local levels are likely to have a branch by the end of the current fiscal year. With about 81% of Nepal's population living in rural areas, the increase in the number of banks at the local level will increase the bankable population. Banking at doorstep will create convenience for the users which was a matter of privilege some years back.  Similarly, GoN has launched an opening bank accounts campaign targeting every citizen. To ensure its effectiveness the process of opening bank accounts has been simplified. Opening the bank account earlier required a copy of citizenship but now can be done by presenting a copy of the driving license, national identity card, etc. Similarly, such accounts will receive a deposit of Rs. 100 from the bank's side.

GoN has also introduced 'Digital Nepal' campaign which highlights the role of the Digital Financial Services to promote digitization of financial transactions. It recommends to increase the limit of digital transactions, reduce the cost of digital financial transactions, issue of national biometric card, introduce Telecommunication Company (TelCo’s) into payment industry, etc As such,  Government of Nepal, together with other stakeholders can create an enabling environment to promote digital financial service. For instance, recently Bangladesh introduced 'Digital Bangladesh' campaign which largely increased the financial inclusion in the country. The country in 2018 had 47% of adults in the financial channel, which was a 10% increase from 2017. Such a number has soared up to 60.0% as per a recent study report from Nepal Rastra Bank. Such progress is because of a larger portion of the population having access to Mobile Financial Services(MFS). The growth was possible because of the Government’s financial inclusion strategy via ‘Digital Bangladesh’ that promoted Mobile Financial Services(MFS) like bKash, Rocket, iPay, etc . Such stories can also be found in countries like Kenya (mPesa), China(Alipay,Wechat),etc. Our own homegrown Mobile Financial Service providers like esewa, IME pay, sparrow pay, etc have been gaining momentum.  

A large unbanked population together with a predominantly cash-based economy has been a constant problem to the Nepalese financial system for a long period of time. A solution to both of these can be via an extension of digital financial services throughout the country. With mobile penetration rate greater than 100%, declining cost per unit of data, high-speed internet solutions, expansion of physical infrastructure, 50% of internet penetration rate, etc the environment is supportive for the establishment of a conducive ecosystem of digital financial services. This context is more suitable to popularize mobile financial services. This population base with wide access to mobile and internet can be tapped easily to open a digital wallet that would be game-changing to enhance financial inclusion in Nepal. Licensed mobile financial services providers from Nepal Rastra Bank in the form of PSP’s and PSO’s can tap virgin unbanked population across the country.

  

Digital finance is instrumental to ensure broader financial inclusion. Similarly, in contrast to the traditional brick and mortar banking, digital finance is more affordable and convenient.  The major advantage of digital finance comes from its ability to offer product offerings at an affordable price, ensuring interoperability across various service providers, etc.  It also enables the regulators to easily check/control the flow of black money, or undue financial transactions. Another advantage would be the efficiency factor. The use of innovative digital financial services can have a long-lasting positive impact on banking performance.  

Contribution

Access to digital finance is also more likely to boost the gross domestic product of the economy by providing service users with a wide range of digital finance products and services. Under banked groups like SME’s, women, and the population on the bottom of the pyramid will have access to financial services. This will boost aggregate expenditure leading to a positive contribution to GDP and will also contribute to the reduction of the poverty level. With this collection of government revenues, fees and charges will also increase. As such Government in coordination with other stakeholders should create an enabling legal and physical infrastructure to promote digital finance in the country. Making use of the technology to offer existing banking solutions and leveraging the benefit of technology to offer mobile financial services across the geographical areas will significantly enhance financial inclusion in the country. Such measures will significantly add to the government’s mission of ‘Digital Nepal’.

*Writer is an Assistant Director at Nepal Rastra Bank.

(The article was published in The Rising Nepal, a national English daily of Nepal. )

सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरुको वतर्मान अवस्था र भावी कार्यदिशा

सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरुको वतर्मान अवस्था र भावी कार्यदिशा

नागरिकका लागि अत्यावश्यक वस्तु तथा सामाग्री सर्वसुलभ र सुपथ मूल्यमा उपलब्ध गराउने, सो वस्तु तथा सेवाको उच्च मूल्यवृद्धि हुन नदिने आदि उद्देश्य राखी सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरू स्थापित भएका हुन्छन् । यसका साथै सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूले स्थानीय स्रोतसाधनको भरपुर उपयोग गर्ने, मुलुकको सन्तुलित विकास गर्ने, उच्च आर्थिक वृद्धिका लागि पूर्वाधार तयार गर्ने, बजारमा निजीक्षेत्रकोे एकाधिकार हटाउने, उल्लेख्य संख्यामा रोजगारी सृजना गर्ने जस्ता कार्य मार्फत लोककल्याणकारी राज्य र आत्मनिर्भर अर्थतन्त्रको निर्माण गर्ने दिशातर्फ अग्रसर हुने लक्ष्य आत्मसात् गरेका हुन्छन् । 

सन् १९९० को दशकमा नेपालमा सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको उल्लेख्य संख्यामा स्थापना भएको देखिन्छ । सो समयमा निजीक्षेत्र बलियो नभएको, ठूला पूर्वाधार निर्माणमा निजीक्षेत्रसँग आवश्यक पूँजी तथा अनुभवसमेत कम भएकाले सरकारले विभिन्न मोडालिटी (पूर्ण वा अधिकांश लगानी) मा औद्योगिक, व्यापारिक, सेवा, सामाजिक, जनोपयोगी, वित्तीय आदि क्षेत्रमा सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको स्थापना गरेको पाइन्छ । 

संस्थानहरूको अवस्था
अधिकांश सार्वजनिक संस्थान घाटामा सञ्चालित छन् । मुनाफामा रहेको संस्थानहरू पनि एकाधिकार तथा केहीमा हालसालै चालिएका सुधारका प्रयासका कारण सुधारोन्मुख अवस्थामा छन् । यसरी सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूलाई साविककै व्यवस्थापन संरचना र कार्यसम्पादन अन्तर्गत चलिरहन दिए जनताबाट उठाएको करको दुरुपयोग भइरहने तथा बजेट घाटा बढ्दै जाने निश्चित छ । 

वित्तीय अवस्था 
केही सार्वजनिक संस्थानकोे वित्तीय अवस्था बलियो छ र राजस्व आम्दानीमा ठूलो योगदान दिइरहेका छन् । केही संस्थानमा दैनिक प्रशासनिक खर्च धान्नसमेत सरकारको ढुुुकुटी प्रयोग भइरहेको छ । संस्थानको खर्चमा नियन्त्रण गर्न नसक्नु, भएका व्यवसाय पनि प्रभावकारी रूपमा सुचारू गर्न नसक्नु, नयाँ क्षेत्रमा व्यापार व्यवसायलाई लग्न नसक्नु, उच्च व्यवस्थापनमा उत्तरदायित्व कम हुनु, प्रतिस्पर्धी तवरले विद्यमान बजारका सिद्धान्त अनुरूप कार्य कुशलतामा सुधार ल्याउन नसक्नु, आदि कारणले गर्दा केही संस्थानहरूको क्षमतामा दिनानुदिन कमी आइरहेको छ । आव २०७४/७५ को आँकडा हेर्दा अस्तित्वमा रहेको ३९ संस्थानमध्ये दुई बन्द छन् भने सञ्चालित ३७ मध्ये ११ संस्थान घाटामा छन् । केही संस्थानको उद्देश्य मुनाफाभन्दा पनि जनजीवनलाई चाहिने वस्तु तथा सेवा सरल तरीकामा पु¥याउनु भएकाले नाफाघाटाको हिसाब गर्नु उपयुक्त मानिँदैन । यद्यपि न्यूनतम मुनाफा सार्वजनिक संस्थान सञ्चालनको अनिवार्य शर्त हुनुपर्छ र सो आर्जन गर्नतर्फ संस्थानहरू अग्रसर हुनैपर्छ । 

नीतिगत व्यवस्था
कुनै समयमा ६२ ओटा सार्वजनिक संस्थान रहेकोमा नेपाल सरकारले चलाएको निजीकरणको नीतिले उक्त संस्थानहरूको संख्या घट्दो छ । खुला उदार अर्थतन्त्रको उदयसँगै प्रतिस्पर्धी बन्न नसकेका र सरकारको प्राथमिकतामा पर्न नसकेका संस्थानहरूको संख्या घटी हाल ३९ मा सीमित भएको छ । तिनमा पनि ३७ मात्र सञ्चालनमा छन् । 

सञ्चालनमा रहेको संस्थानहरू विभिन्न ऐन अन्तर्गत स्थापना भएका हुन् । कम्पनी ऐन अन्तर्गत २८ ओटा, संस्थानसम्बन्धी ऐन अन्तर्गत ६ ओटा, सञ्चार संस्थान ऐन अन्तर्गत ३ ओटा र संस्थान ऐन अन्तर्गत २ ओटा संस्थान सञ्चालनमा रहेका छन् । यसरी विभिन्न ऐन अन्तर्गत सञ्चालनमा रहेकाका कारण तिनको सञ्चालन प्रक्रिया तथा प्रावधानहरूमा भिन्नता रहेको पाइन्छ । संस्थान सञ्चालकहरूको संख्या पनि फरक फरक रहेको पाइन्छ । ५ देखि १५ जनासम्म सञ्चालक भएको पाइन्छ । तसर्थ समान प्रकृतिका संस्थानहरूको सञ्चालनका प्रक्रिया तथा प्रावधानमा एकरूपता ल्याउन नीतिगत व्यवस्था गर्न आवश्यक छ ।

तालुक निकाय
सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूले अर्थ मन्त्रालयका अतिरिक्त आप्mनो तालुक मन्त्रालयमा पनि रिर्पोटिङ गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । फरकफरक निकायहरूमा रिर्पोटिङ गर्ने अवस्थाले संस्थानहरूमा ढिलासुस्ती तथा कार्यालय सञ्चालनमा अस्पष्टता आउन सक्छ । अलगअलग सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको नियमनकारी निकाय पनि अलग नै रहेका छन् । छरिएर रहेका नियमनकारी निकायलाई एउटा बलियो निकाय अन्तर्गत ल्याउन सके संस्थानहरूको संस्थागत सुशासनको अवस्थामा सुधार आउन सक्ने कल्पना गर्न सकिन्छ । विषयगत मन्त्रालय र अर्थ मन्त्रालयबीच संस्थानको सञ्चालन र व्यवस्थापनका लागि स्पष्ट खाका तयार गरी लागू गरेमा यसबाट संस्थान सञ्चालनमा भइरहेको जटिलता हटन गई सञ्चालनमा सहजीकरण हुन्छ । यसर्थ सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको नियमन तथा रिर्पोटिङका लागि एक सशक्त सरकारी निकायको गठन अपरिहार्य छ ।

सञ्चालन मोडालिटी 
यसैगरी संस्थानहरूलाई उनीहरूको उद्देश्य अनुसार वर्गीकरण गर्नुपर्छ । आधारभूत सेवा प्रदान गर्ने, रणनीतिक रूपमा चाहिने तथा निजीक्षेत्रको उपस्थिति नभएका क्षेत्रमा संस्थानहरूमा सरकारी स्वामित्व राखिरहन उपयुक्त हुन्छ भने मुनाफाको उद्देश्य राखिएका तथा पर्याप्त निजी प्रतिस्पर्धी भएका संस्थानहरूलाई निजीकरण गर्दा उपयुक्त हुन्छ । 

समाजमा वस्तु र सेवाहरूको वितरणका लागि चाहिने र निजीकरण गर्न नमिल्ने संस्थानहरू जस्तै नेपाल आयल निगम, नेपाल विद्युत् प्राधिकरण आदिलाई हेर्ने दृष्टिकोण र निजीक्षेत्र सहभागी संस्थानहरू जस्तै हेटौंडा सिमेन्ट, नेशनल टे«डिङ लिमिटेड जस्ता संस्थानलाई हेर्ने दृष्टिकोणमा फरकपन ल्याउन जरुरी छ । पहिलो वर्गका संस्थानहरूमा प्रतिस्पर्धी वातावरण बनाई कार्य सम्पादनमा सुधार ल्याउन जरुरी छ भने दास्रो वर्गका संस्थानहरूलाई निजीकरण तर्फ लैजान जरुरी छ । 

संस्थागत संरचना
सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको संरचना हेर्दा संस्थानहरू बोझिलो रहेको अनुभव हुन्छ । कर्मचारी संख्या, कर्मचारी खर्च र मुनाफालाई तुलनात्मक रूपमा अध्ययन गर्दा सो तथ्य उजागर हुन्छ । अत्यधिक कर्मचारीका कारण संरचना भद्दा भई कर्मचारी खर्च बढेको छ । यसले मुनाफामा नकारात्मक असर गर्छ । आव २०७४/७५ मा सरकारी स्वामित्वको तीन बैंकको जम्मा कर्मचारी संख्या ६ हजार ४९९ रहेको देखिन्छ । यो भनेको समग्र वाणिज्य बैंकहरूको कुल कर्मचारीको २० प्रतिशत हो । तर, कुल कर्जा प्रवाहमा यी बैंकहरूको योगदान जम्मा १४ प्रतिशत मात्र रहेको छ । यसैगरी २०७५/७६ मा पूर्ण सरकारी स्वामित्वको राष्ट्रिय वाणिज्य बैंकको कर्मचारी संख्या १९७३ रहेको देखिन्छ । उसले रू. ५ अर्ब ४२ करोड मुनाफा गरेको छ । सोही अवधिमा मुनाफामा दोस्रो रहेको नबिल बैंकले १०८५ कर्मचारीका साथ रू. ४ अर्ब २२ करोड मुनाफा आर्जन गरेको देखिन्छ । यसरी यी दुई संस्थाको प्रतिकर्मचारी मुनाफामा निजीक्षेत्रको नबिल बैंक करीब १२ लाखले अघि छ । यसरी तथ्यांकले सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूमा कर्मचारीहरूको उत्पादकत्व कम रहको यथार्थलाई उजागर गर्छ । सो तथ्य अरू सार्वजनिक संस्थानको हकमा अझ भयावह रहेकोे अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ । 

संस्थानहरूलाई आवश्यक पर्ने कर्मचारीहरू प्रतिस्पर्र्धाका आधारमा छनोट गर्ने, कर्मचारीहरूलाई उच्च नतीजाका लागि कार्य सम्पादन सम्झौता गरी स्वतन्त्र निकायबाट कार्यसम्पादन मूल्यांकनको व्यवस्था गर्ने प्रणालीको सृजना गरे हालको अवस्थामा सुधार आउन सक्छ । संस्थानहरूको संगाठनिक संरचनामा सुधार ल्याई र प्रविधिमैत्री प्रणलीका माध्यमबाट रिपोर्टिङ व्यवस्था मिलाउन जरुरी छ । 

सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको सञ्चालनका लागि ठूलो सुधार आवश्यक छ । उच्च व्यवस्थापनका लागि करारनामा गर्नु, कर्मचारी भर्नामा पारदर्शिता कायम गर्न लोकसेवा आयोगका माध्यमबाट काम गर्नु, कर्मचारीहरूलाई बा≈य हस्तक्षेपबाट मुक्त गर्ने प्रयास गर्नु, संस्थानहरूले सुधार गर्न नसकेको अवस्थामा सरकारी अनुदानमा रोक लगाउनु आदि सरकारी तहबाट सुधारका प्रयास भएका छन् । संस्थानहरूको सुधारको प्रयासलाई कायम गर्दै संस्थानहरूलाई निजीकरण गर्ने, प्रतिस्पर्धी बनाउन पहल गर्ने, व्यावसायिक सिद्धान्तका आधारमा कार्य गर्न प्रेरित गर्ने, संस्थागत तथा नीतिगत सुधारको थप व्यवस्था गर्ने आदि जस्ता विषयमा वर्तमान सरकारले दीर्घकालीन सोच राखी काम गर्न जरुरी छ । 

लेखक नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकमा कार्यरत छन् । 

 Published in Arthik Abhiyan National Daily on Sep 12, 2019.

Positive Outlook for Digital Banking in Nepal

Positive Outlook for Digital Banking in Nepal

                                                                                                                        *Amish Dhungel        

The term bank is said to have been derived from the Italian word “banca”, meaning a bench, used by Italian merchants to make a deal to borrow and lend money. As such it is evident that the meaning of the bank has a connotation with the physical location/evidence. Making use of banking services meant that a customer should be present in the physical outlet of a bank to perform transactions. However, with the introduction of modern technology in the banking industry, the traditional notion of banking is changing. Customers can now avail banking services Any-Time, Any-Where without having to reach the physical branch location.

As Bill Gates announced in 2008, “banking is essential, banks are not”, the developments in the field of banking shows such directions. The use of computer and internet technology for offering banking services has changed the way traditional banking is done. And with digital banking/finance services offered via means of telephone, mobile phone, internet, etc. is popular the modus-operandi of banking evolving.

Nepalese banks and financial institutions followed the global band-wagon of introducing modern technology in the banking industry. It was as early as 1990 that Nepalese banks started to adopt means of digital banking. Then Nepal Arab Bank Limited introduced Credit Cards in 1990 AD. This was followed by Himalayan Bank Ltd by offering Tele-banking, Internet banking by Kumari Bank Limited in 2002, SMS banking by Laxmi Bank Limited in 2004 and so on.

The mediums of digital banking prevalent in Nepal are cards, internet banking, mobile banking, e-wallets(offered by non-bank institutions), Point of Sales (POS) machines, Point of Transactions (POT) machines, QR(Quick Response) Code, ATM (Automated Teller Machine), etc. Similarly Electronic Cheque Clearance (ECC), Interbank Payment System (IPS), SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication), etc are digital banking tools that have been used for executing transactions of large volumes.

Though it has been quite some time that Nepal has been using various modern means of payments, the volume of such usage hasn’t increased in a significant manner. In spite of the slow pace, the numbers are increasing. The following table shows an increase in the usage of various channels of digital banking in Nepal for two consecutive years.

Tools	2nd Quarter 74/75	2nd Quarter 75/76
No. of Mobile Banking Customers	35,30,227	63,94,916
No. of Internet Banking Customers	8,42,431	8,56,695
No. of ATMs	2,638	3,049
No. of Debit Cards	57,69,128	59,62,838
No. of Credit Cards	94,716	1,00,527

Source: Monthly Statistics, NRB

Popularity of digital banking services has been a global trend. Thanks to the ease in connection, low cost of product offerings, its role in ensuring financial inclusion, and poverty alleviation, etc. Increase in use of digital banking will reduce the demand of cash; meaning reduced expenses in printing cash, less circulation cost, higher durability, increased the transparency of transactions, higher revenue collection for government, etc. Having realized immense importance of digital banking, both Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and Government of Nepal (GoN) has felt the urge to promote Digital Banking in Nepal. Recent move by both, the body shows such direction.

To discourage cash is to promote digital banking. For this the central regulatory authority, NRB has established a Payment Systems Department on 2nd July 2015, in accordance with the spirit of NRB Act and entrusted the department with the sole authority of regulation, supervision and oversight of the entire payment systems(including digital ones) in the country, including the non-bank financial institutions. At present NRB has been providing a license to both banks and non-banking financial institution as Payment Service Provider (PSP) and Payment Systems Operator (PSO). As of Mid May 2019, the department has issued a license to 5 non-bank PSP’s and 4 non-bank PSO’s. It has also provided the license to 45 BFI’s to offer digital financial services. The number of market players is likely increasing in the day to come.

NRB has been working thoughtfully to develop a secure, healthy and efficient system of payments. It has formulated and implemented a National Payment System Development Strategy, Licensing policy for Payment Related Institutions 2073, Payment Systems Oversight Framework 2018, Payment and Settlement Bylaws 2072, and has also issued various directives and circulars to guide and direct payment systems related activities in Nepal. Recently it has made an upward revision of limit for digital transactions which addressed one of the suggestions by Digital Nepal Framework 2018 developed by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology aims to harness the benefit of technology to accelerate economic growth.  

NRB aims to move towards cash-less economy gradually by passing through less-cash economy. To discourage the use of cash NRB has reduced the limit of cash-based transactions to NPR 1 million from the erstwhile limit of NPR 3 million. This has lead to an increase in the volume of electronic transactions via NRB promoted Nepal Clearing House Limited (NCHL). For eg in 17/18 the average daily transaction volume and average settlement values in NCHL-IPS were 8,003 and NPR 3.03 Billion as against 2,413 and NPR 1.29 Billion in the previous year.

Similarly NRB is about to add a milestone to the Nepalese payment systems domain by installing the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system within September 2019. The system will cater to the need for urgent payments, large-value payments, securities-related payments, and government transactions. This will add to the credibility and efficiency of the existing payment systems. Upcoming endeavors of NRB include study for establishing National Payment Switch. The switch will increase the usage of digital financial services by reducing hassle and the cost of using digital finance. Similarly, the bank has entered into a cooperation with The World Bank to formulate a National Retail Payment Strategy. All these initiatives will develop a strong infrastructure to promote digital banking in the country.

Likewise GoN has also formulated Digital Nepal Framework 2018. The framework plans to promote Digital Finance Services to attain the aim of Digital Nepal. Similarly Budget 2076/77 presented recently has also put forth various creative ideas to promote digital transactions in Nepal. One of its interesting announcements is to rebate back the customer with 10% of 13% Value Added Tax that is paid during the online purchase of goods and services. It also prioritizes the use of electronic cards for fare payments in the transport industry. Similarly, it has also announced for collection of government revenue and payment of expenditure through the electronic system from next year. The budget has also provided to popularize mobile, internet and branch-less banking, establish National Payment Gateway, decrease cash-based transactions by use of secured cards and internet payment options, ensure a mechanism for payment of electricity and drinking water bills via an electronic medium, etc. All these initiatives if implemented properly will increase digital transactions and digital banking in manifold times.

The overall ambiance is optimistic for popularizing digital banking in Nepal. With mobile penetration rate greater than 100% out of which  more than 70% of mobile phones being smart, declining cost per unit of data, high-speed internet solutions and 63% of internet penetration rate, expansion of physical infrastructure, etc the environment is more encouraging for the establishment of a conducive ecosystem of digital banking. Government of Nepal and Nepal Rastra Bank have also issued promising plans and policies to promote digital banking in the country. A coordinated approach with various stakeholders should be ensured to achieve intended results of thoughtfully formulated policies.

*Dhungel is Assistant Director in Nepal Rastra Bank.

This article was published by Nepal Financial Institutions Employees Association  in Arthik Mimansha, on October, 2019.